Runway Visual Range (RVR)

Runway Visual Range (RVR) is one of the most important visibility measurements in aviation, especially during low-visibility operations. It plays a critical role in determining whether an aircraft can take off, land, or continue an instrument approach safely.

Pilots, air traffic controllers, and airline operators rely on RVR to ensure compliance with ICAO, FAA, and DGCA regulations and to maintain flight safety during fog, rain, snow, or haze.

Runway Visual Range

What Is Runway Visual Range (RVR)?

Runway Visual Range (RVR) is the distance over which a pilot on the runway centerline can see runway markings or runway lights, expressed in meters or feet.

Unlike general meteorological visibility, RVR specifically measures what a pilot can actually see on the runway, making it more accurate and operationally relevant.

ICAO Definition of RVR

According to ICAO:

Runway Visual Range is the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centerline of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway.

This definition highlights RVR’s importance during takeoff and landing operations.

Why Runway Visual Range Is Important

RVR is essential because it:

Determines landing and takeoff minima

Supports precision approaches (ILS CAT I, II, III)

Enhances safety during low-visibility conditions

Helps prevent runway excursions and CFIT incidents

Assists air traffic controllers in decision-making

Without adequate RVR, aircraft operations may be restricted or suspended.

How Runway Visual Range Is Measured

RVR is measured using transmissometers or forward scatter sensors installed along the runway.

Common RVR Measurement Points

Touchdown Zone (TDZ)

Mid-Runway

Stop End

Multiple sensors provide a more accurate picture of visibility across the entire runway length.

Typical RVR Values for Aircraft Operations

Landing Minima (Approximate)

ILS CAT I: 550 meters

ILS CAT II: 300 meters

ILS CAT IIIA: 200 meters

ILS CAT IIIB: 75–150 meters

ILS CAT IIIC: No RVR limitation

Takeoff Minima

Varies by aircraft type, operator approval, and runway lighting

Can be as low as 75 meters with proper certification

RVR and Instrument Landing System (ILS)

RVR is closely linked with ILS categories:

Lower ILS categories require higher RVR

Advanced categories allow operations in extremely low visibility

Autoland systems rely heavily on accurate RVR readings

RVR Reporting in METAR and ATIS

RVR is reported in:

METAR (e.g., R27/0800)

ATIS broadcasts

ATC communications

If RVR is unavailable, reported visibility may be used, but only under specific regulatory conditions.

Visual Aids That Improve RVR Usability

Airports use advanced lighting systems to support operations in low RVR:

Approach Lighting Systems (ALS)

Runway centerline lights

Touchdown zone lights

High-intensity runway lights (HIRL)

These systems allow pilots to continue operations at lower RVR values.

Conclusion

Runway Visual Range is a critical safety parameter in aviation, providing pilots and controllers with precise runway-level visibility information. By using RVR instead of general visibility, aviation authorities ensure safer takeoffs and landings in challenging weather conditions.

For pilots and aviation professionals, a solid understanding of RVR is essential for IFR operations and regulatory compliance.

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